The Nazi Party Takeover of The German State †Political Science Essay

The Nazi Party Takeover of The German State – Political Science Essay Free Online Research Papers The Nazi Party Takeover of The German State Political Science Essay In his book, The Hitler State, author Martin Broszat discusses the phenomenon of the Nazi party takeover of the German state. Broszat attributes the Nazi rise to power to two key components: Hitler’s polycratic governmental system run by Nazi leaders; and Hitler’s charismatic, yet, detached governing style as leader of both the Party and state. This paper will examine how these two factors resulted in the Nazi Party takeover of the German state. The Nazi polycracy, lead by Hitler’s personal appointees, was initiated as a means of spreading Nazi influence throughout Germany’s state run organizations. Lacking in sound internal structure, Hitler’s polycracy was comprised of a horizontal network of Nazi Party institutions that appeared to mirror the organizations of the German state. The institution of these parallel state and party organizations blurred the lines of clear jurisdiction and authority. The lack of clarity surrounding the roles of these parallel organizations led quickly to conflict and intense competition between Nazi party leaders and the leaders of the German state. In his role as Fà ¼hrer, Hitler was noticeably absent from these escalating conflicts. With no sovereign intervention, the competition amongst the leaders and organizations in the â€Å"organizational jungle† of the Nazi Party escalated in intensity and violence. Darwinist realities took hold as only the strongest organizations, and, in the Nazi case, more radical, were able to overcome the wills of their competitors. Author Ian Kershaw suggests that it was Hitler’s intention to let the â€Å"weak† factions be destroyed so that the most resilient and perhaps most powerful would prevail. In explaining Hitler’s absence from these conflicts, Kershaw notes that Hitler’s â€Å"instinctive Darwinism made him unwilling and unable to take sides in a dispute til the winner emerged.† Considering the inner turmoil that existed amongst Nazi Party leaders, it is hard to imagine how this party was able to avoid complete internal breakdown. Much to the contrary, despite the escalation of internal Party conflicts, the Nazi’s succeeded at rapidly and forcefully rising to power. Many historians, including Martin Broszat, have been perplexed by the fact that the seemingly disorganized Nazi Party was able to launch such an all-encompassing takeover of the state. Broszat admittedly saw a serious â€Å"contradiction between the regime’s shapelessness and the extraordinary development of its power – all this defies any simple explanation.† The Nazi polycracy was notoriously unbureaucratic and without structure, however, it seems that the constant competition that was brought about by the blurred lines of hierarchy actually fueled the dynamic of aggression, radicalism and violence that would historically become synonymous with the Nazi Party. Amidst the chaotic internal fighting one constant remained amongst Hitler’s appointed Nazi leaders: the desire for power and for praise from the Fà ¼hrer. As Hitler continued to travel the country and make speeches in which he broadly announced the goals and objectives of the Nazi Party, leaders interpreted these speeches as a call to action. Kershaw refers to Hitler’s role in this sense as â€Å"activator† whose â€Å"vision served as a stimulant to action in the different agencies of the Nazi movement itself, where pent up energies and unfulfilled social expectations could be met by activism carried out in Hitler’s name.† As Nazi leaders scrambled to win Hitler’s favor, internal competition escalated to a dangerous level of intensity. The competitive dynamic created by this in-fighting led to increasingly radical and extreme acts of violence. It is here that one can truly witness the destructive phenomenon of the success of the Nazi polycracy. Kershaw suggests that the lack of structure within the Nazi Party contributed to the radicalization of violence and was actually a critical component of the â€Å"symbiotic relationship† that existed between the Nazi leaders and the successful pursuit of Hitler’s objectives. While this paper has examined the role of the Nazi polycracy, it has yet to fully address the role of Hitler as the seemingly untouchable leader. As previously stated, historians have long debated Hitler’s effectiveness as leader of the Nazi Party. Martin Broszat is an example of one of the many historians that would not give Hitler sole credit as the driving force behind the successful accumulation of power of the Nazi Party. Broszat argues that the achievements of the Nazi polycracy, and not the effective leadership of Hitler, were ultimately responsible for the seizure of the German state. Ian Kershaw also accepts a structuralist viewpoint, similar to Broszat, that the Nazi movement, with its polycratic structure, would have succeeded with or without Hitler. Kershaw frequently touches on Hitler’s lack of involvement with Nazi Party organization and he suggests that â€Å"a party leader and head of government less bureaucratically inclined, less a committee man or man of the machine, than Hitler is hard to imagine† . However, unlike Broszat, Kershaw is able to identify one important aspect of Hitler’s role as Fà ¼hrer that made him indispensable to the ultimate achievement of Nazi Party objectives: Hitler’s perception by the German public as the â€Å"classic charismatic leader.† Kershaw refers to Max Weber’s theories on â€Å"charismatic leaders† to devise his thesis on the importance of Hitler’s leadership role in the achievement of Nazi Party objectives. Kershaw suggests that Hitler embodied many of Weber’s â€Å"charismatic† qualifications, such as adhering to â€Å"perceptions of a heroic ‘mission’ and presumed greatness in the leader by his ‘following’† . While Hitler was not visible in the day-to-day functional methods of the Nazi Party, he was careful to frequently step in to the limelight to deliver Party propaganda to the German public. This form of visibility created the illusion, for the German people, that Hitler, as Fà ¼hrer, had complete control over the direction of the Nazi Party and the future of the German state. Kershaw attributes the mass appeal of Hitler’s charismatic leadership to his frequent and public promises of â€Å"national rebirth† . Hitler’s promises fell on the ears of those Germans still reeling from the losses sustained during WWI. The Fuhrer’s push to â€Å"unify† Germans instilled hope and became wildly popular. Hitler’s talent for conveying charisma and optimism for the future caused the German public to rally behind the Fà ¼hrer and his Nazi Party. While Hitler’s propaganda was able to win mass appeal for the Nazis and for their objectives, his abilities as the leader of a nation left much to be desired. While he promised â€Å"rebirth† Hitler was undoubtedly unsure as to how the Nazi’s would ultimately achieve this goal. With the charge to establish â€Å"national rebirth through racial purity and racial empire,† Nazi Party leaders set out to fulfill the request of their charismatic leader on their own terms. The vague nature of Hitler’s announcements resulted in the outbreak of increasingly radical acts of violence – acts that would become historically synonymous with the Nazi Party. The enthusiasm stimulated by Hitler’s public appearances had a similar effect on both Nazi Party leaders and the German public. The German public responded to Hitler’s â€Å"charisma† by attending his propaganda speeches, listening to radio broadcasts and living their day-to-day lives in conjunction with the ideals of the Nazi Party. To the Nazi leaders responsible for the function of the polycratic Nazi government, Hitler’s charisma served as the â€Å"enabling† force that acted as the â€Å"implicit backing and sanction to those whose actions, however inhumane, however radical, fell within the general and vague ideological remit of furthering the aims of the Fà ¼hrer.† The combination of the charisma of the Fà ¼hrer, with the conflicted, yet powerful Nazi polycracy, resulted in the Nazi’s violent and all encompassing takeover of the German state. Research Papers on The Nazi Party Takeover of The German State - Political Science EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenOpen Architechture a white paperRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andCapital PunishmentPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMind Travel

Conductivity and Conductive Elements

Conductivity and Conductive Elements Conductivity refers to the ability of a material to transmit energy. There are different types of conductivity, including electrical, thermal, and acoustical conductivity.  The most electrically conductive  element is silver, followed by copper and gold. Silver also has the highest thermal conductivity of any element and the highest light reflectance. Although it is the best conductor, copper and gold are used more often in electrical applications because copper is less expensive and gold has a much higher corrosion resistance. Because silver tarnishes, it is less desirable for high frequencies because the exterior surface becomes less conductive. As to why silver is the best conductor, the answer is that its electrons are freer to move than those of the other elements. This has to do with its valence and crystal structure. Most metals conduct electricity. Other elements with high electrical conductivity, are aluminum, zinc, nickel, iron, and platinum. Brass and bronze are electrically conductive alloys, rather than elements. Table of the Conductive Order of Metals This list of electric conductivity includes alloys as well as pure elements. Because the size and shape of a substance affect its conductivity, the list assumes all samples are the same size. In order of most conductive to least conductive: SilverCopperGoldAluminumZincNickelBrassBronzeIronPlatinumCarbon SteelLeadStainless Steel Factors That Affect Electrical Conductivity Certain factors can affect how well a material conducts electricity. Temperature: Changing temperature of silver or any other conductor alters its conductivity. In general, increasing the temperature causes thermal excitation of the atoms and decreases conductivity while increasing resistivity. The relationship is linear, but it breaks down at low temperatures.Impurities: Adding an impurity to a conductor decreases its conductivity. For example, sterling silver is not as good of a conductor as pure silver. Oxidized silver is not as good a conductor as untarnished silver. Impurities hinder electron flow.Crystal structure and phases: If there are different phases of a material, conductivity will slow slightly at the interface and may be different from one structure than another. The way a material has been processed can affect how well it conducts electricity.Electromagnetic fields: Conductors generate their own electromagnetic fields when electricity runs through them, with the magnetic field perpendicular to the electric field. External electromagneti c fields can produce magnetoresistance, which can slow the flow of current. Frequency: The number of oscillation cycles an alternating electrical current completes per second is its frequency in Hertz. Above a certain level, a high frequency can cause current to flow around a conductor rather than through it (skin effect). Since there is no oscillation and hence no frequency, the skin effect does not occur with direct current.